Do you design a lot of characters living in not-modern eras and you’re tired of combing through google for the perfect outfit references? Well I got good news for you kiddo, this website has you covered! Originally @modmad made a post about it, but her link stopped working and I managed to fix it, so here’s a new post. Basically, this is a costume rental website for plays and stage shows and what not, they have outfits for several different decades from medieval to the 1980s. LOOK AT THIS SELECTION:
OPEN ANY CATEGORY AND OH LORDY–
There’s a lot of really specific stuff in here, I design a lot of 1930s characters for my ask blog and with more chapters on the way for the game it belongs to I’m gonna be designing more, and this website is going to be an invaluable reference. I hope this can be useful to my other fellow artists as well! 🙂
So you want to be a pixel artist? – This is a dense series of chapters but it’s one of the most useful things I’ve come across. Big help with tilesets for me.
We’re done having fun with butts. This lesson isn’t as stinky, though it’s close. We’ll study the inner leg muscles – the adductors and sartorius.
They’re in the upper inner part of the leg. The inguinal ligament separates them from the abs, ASIS to pubic symphysis. The long sartorius muscle separates the adductors from the quads diagonally. The border in the back is not as obvious. It fades away into fat and then suddenly it’s the hamstrings. Though in certain poses and mostly on athletic people, you might see where the adductor magnus pops out at the top. It can separate the form of the adductors from the hamstrings.
This little section is called the femoral triangle and has nerves, veins, arteries, lymph nodes, and the adductor area in general is prone to having more fat. All this stuff softens the inner leg muscles. This is actually good news for us because in most cases we don’t need to know the individual adductor muscles, just their overall form and occasionally some tendons toward the top. In premium, we’ll go over the anatomy of each adductor in more details because sometime it can be useful.
So, let’s get familiar with the simple forms. You know I love simple forms…
Simple Forms
Up to this point in this course and the figure drawing course, we’ve been drawing leg’s as simple cylinders, maybe with a bit of taper, getting thinner toward the knee. And that’s fine for starting our drawings. But now, since we’re learning leg anatomy, we need to be able to take that cylinder and make it into… a leg!
Let’s say we have this seated pose (see below), legs coming at us. Looking at a cross section, we’ll see three main muscle groups. Quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductors. This video is about adductors, so let’s group the quads and hamstrings into one large mass. Now, let’s look at how a leg is different from a cylinder.
In the middle everything is very meaty. You start seeing that indent on the inside where the adductor group attaches to the quads. The front plane is tall and round as the quads project out.
Near the knee, the leg isn’t cylindrical at all. It’s more boxy. The top is meaty, with the quads, and the back is tendinous, with two powerful hamstring tendons on the sides. So, the corners of the box are sharper in the back. It’s like a slice of bread.
The main mass of the quads and hamstrings is boxy and short at the knee and grows much taller and egg-shaped at the hip. The adductors are like a secondary mass that attach on the inside, shaped like a cone or a wedge. You can see how it’s separate from the rest of the leg mass especially in a seated pose like this. The adductor mass hangs down off the leg. The long sartorius muscle actually rounds it out a bit. Without it, the indent between these two forms would be even sharper. Also keep in mind that this area is a major fat storage area. So, that adds to the form and softens the borders.
The sartorius is a great rhythm diagonally across the leg. You’ll see it as as an oblique side plane. So, when we look at it with Bridgman glasses, the quads are a front plane, the sartorius is a side plane, and then the adductors make a triangular front plane, and another side plane is they wrap around to the back. We have 2 “steps” when we think of the front of the leg planarly.
A Few Details
The sartorius and the TFL we learned about last time create a hollow triangle into which the quads dive in to. Sometimes you’ll see this as an indent, but usually just as a flat vertical plane. Remember that the leg cylinder doesn’t start at the ASIS point of the pelvis. We need to drop this vertical for the TFL and sartorius, and then start the leg cylinder a few inches down.
The inside of the leg gets this double curve. Look for that when you’re designing the flow down the leg. Remember how we talked about asymmetry in the limbs. The contours zig zag down the leg. Because female pelvises are wider, the adductor origins are farther apart. So thin females may have a “thigh gap”. Here’s a good example of it.
Like I said, the simple form is the most important thing to learn about the adductors. There’s just a few tendons that you’ll commonly see. Usually when the legs are spread apart, thinning out the fat and pulling the tendons tight. You’ll see the tendons of the adductor longus and adductor magnus.
Assignment
Your assignment is to do quicksketch drawings of the legs from the model photos I’ve provided in the description below. Start with the gesture then focus on drawing the forms of the muscle groups, especially the adductors. We haven’t studied the others yet, so you can keep them as gestural lines, or cylindrical. But don’t just copy the contours. In premium, I’ll show you how to draw all the assignment photos, so you can check your work.
Post your work in the Anatomy for Artists Facebook group.
Non-Boring Environments that need Fantasy Representation
Tropical Rainforests
Scrubland/Dry Forests. For extra effect make them the sort that burn very often; some native plants never germinate until after a fire, and some animals not only rely on fire to smoke out prey, but may even start them themselves.
Savannas/Tropical Grasslands
Temperate Rainforests. I almost didn’t include this bc New Zealand is covered in them, and that’s where they filmed Lord of the Rings. But tbh, no one really knows about them, so it belongs here
Taiga Forests
Barren Tundra, perfect for some extreme seasonal dichotomy
Polar Ice Sheets
Desert-Grasslands (arguably the same as Scrubland but Australia’s good at adding its own twists)
Barren Desert
If you like Cacti, look at American Deserts like the Sonoran
Salt Flats
Soda Lakes and Alkaline Lakes
Madagascar’s Karst Limestone Formations
Madagascar’s Spiny Forests
Madagascar’s Baobab Forests
Madagascar’s Subhumid Forests (Madagascar is cool as hell ok)
Danxia Landforms
Badlands/Mountainous Deserts
Steppes and Highland Prairies
Flood Basalts
Newly-Formed Islands, still rife with Volcanic activity
Now for Underwater Environments, sure Coral Reefs are cool.
But there are SO MANY other kinds of environments for aquatic settings, it’s unbelievable:
Seaside Cliffs
Archipelagos. Not just Tropical Island chains like Polynesia (Moana anyone?) but also Coldwater Archipelagos like the Aleutians.
Tidal Flats
Bayous/Cypress Swamps
Tropical River Basins, AKA Seasonally Flooded Rainforests
Mangrove Swamps/Deltas/Beaches
Kelp Forests
The Open Ocean
Coastal Seabeds
Rocky Beaches with Tidepools
And there are a LOT more I could name but this post is already obscenely long as is, if you’d like to toss in your own go right ahead, but my point is if you limit yourself to European Deciduous Forests you’re a wimp.
Quick Tip: Don’t know how to draw an expression on certain angle? Grab yourself a mirror and depending on how you place it you can get the same expression in two different angles! (I think this might work with two mirrors so you get three angles at the same time but I guess that would require an extra hand)
Interrogation is probably the scenario that comes to most Western
people’s minds when torture is mentioned. The belief that torture can be used
during interrogation is heavily ingrained in Western pop culture whether the
story believes it ‘works’ or not.
I’m going to go over some of the most common misconceptions
about what bringing torture to the interrogation table does and does not do.
Tell the Truth
‘Care must be
exercised when making use of rebukes, invectives or torture as it will result
in his telling falsehoods and making a fool of you.’ Japanese Kempeitai
manual found in Burman 1943
‘The use of force
often has the consequence that the person being interrogated under duress
confesses falsely because he is afraid and as a consequence agrees to
everything the interrogator wishes.’ Indonesian interrogation manual, East
Timor, 1983
‘Intense pain is quite
likely to produce false confessions concocted as a means of escaping from
distress.’ CIA Kubark
Counterintelligence Manual 1963
I can’t prove conclusively that in the history of the world
torture has never ever once produced accurate information. Overwhelmingly often it
does not. There are several reasons why.
Torture produces a
lot of lies. Both people with
information and people without
information have a good reason to lie under torture. And they both do. The
person with information does not want
to give it up. The person without
information needs to say something to make the torture stop.
Humans are bad at
telling when someone is lying. When tested even people who think they’re
good at spotting lies can’t do it consistently.It can be almost impossible
to tell who is hiding something and who genuinely doesn’t know what’s going on.
A person under torture might have already
told the truth and started lying when the interrogator didn’t believe them.
Which is exactly what happened to Shelia Cassidy when she was tortured in Chile
in the 70s.
Pain and stress
destroy the human memory. Experiments with willing volunteers have
repeatedly shown that stress, pain and lack of sleep make it difficult for
people to remember. A 2004 paper using US military survival school as the ‘high
stress situation’ which simulated capture and interment as a POW (C A Morgan et
al, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 27, 265-279) found that between
51-68% of soldiers identified the wrong person as their interrogator.
Interrogations had lasted four hours with the interrogator shouting at and manhandling
the volunteers. The low stress group identified the wrong person 12-38% of the
time.
Torture results in
loss of public trust. Most police and intelligence investigations live or
die on public support. People coming forward voluntarily with accurate
information. People reporting on suspects. In the long term torture actively
recruits for the opposing ‘side’. According to the IRA this is exactly what
happened in Northern Ireland when the British used torture. It also happened in
Aden and to a lesser extent Cyprus.
Torture in short produces more lies than truth and in such a
mixture that it can be hard to tell which is which. Because of the pain it
causes torture can make it impossible for victims who want to tell the truth to actually do so accurately. And because of
the effect it has on communities it often makes it harder to gather accurate
information through more reliable sources.
Accuracy in torture is so poor it is ‘in some cases less accurate than flipping a coin’. (No that isn’t
exaggeration, that’s a quote from D Rejali who literally wrote the book)
The Ticking Bomb
The famous ‘ticking-bomb’ scenario is a fictional situation
(it literally came from a novel, written by a suspected torturer) where a
disaster (such as a bomb attack) is known to be approaching and in order to
save innocent lives the characters need more intel fast.
So they start debating whether to use torture.
Depending on the story and the characters they sometimes do
torture. Usually if they do it gives them information they then use to save
lives.
There’s another problem, aside from the total lack of accuracy
for information that comes from torture. Torture takes as long or longer than other
interrogation techniques.
According to the CIA’s own records detainees were put through
several days of sleep deprivation
before interrogation. The Senate Torture Report (testimony from Ali Soufan)
estimated that their torture techniques took 30days.
According to British records and accounts from the IRA
during the Troubles a single torture session by ‘walling’ (sleep deprivation, white
noise and stress positions combined) could last between nine and forty three
hours.
I’ve selected the following quotes to give an idea of the
time frame for short tortures used in
interrogation. Both are from Northern Ireland by Irish men detained by the
British. Emphasis is mine.
‘One powerfully built
RUC detective would keep me pinned in a position while the other one would hold
my elbow then press back on my wrist. And that could last for an hour or
possibly two hours. And it’s excruciatingly painful, to the extent that I
remember after three or four days I
would simply go unconscious-’ Tommy McKearney
‘When I was taken away
from Girdwood to be interned, I thought
I had been there for about eight days, but it was only three. I later realised I was only being allowed to sleep for
ten minutes at a time.’ Joe Docherty
Interrogation always
takes time. And that time is measured in days not minutes.
Sanitised Portrayals
‘NO useful information so far….He did vomit a
couple of times during the water board with some beans and rice. It’s been 10
hours since he ate so this is surprising and disturbing.’ Senate Torture
Report, from quoted emails SSCI 2014, 41-42
For me this is one of the most noticeable differences
between torture in pop culture and torture in reality. Torture in films and
books is always sanitised.
I don’t mean that it isn’t gory or isn’t gory ‘enough’.
Blood seems to be a cinematic staple and seeing the hero beaten and bloodied in
a dingy lit room has become standard in a certain sort of action story.
What I’m talking about are the body fluids and products
we’re trained to think are less acceptable. Vomit. Urine. Mucus. Faeces.
I can think of several movies where a ‘good-guy’ gets beaten
to a bloody pulp on screen. I can’t think of any where they piss themselves. But
losing control of bladder and bowel function seem to be pretty common in real
life. A lot of the eyewitness accounts I’ve read about systematic torture
mention the smell of urine and shit.
Vomiting is something I don’t see mentioned as often in
survivor accounts but I think it’s very likely to occur frequently because a
lot of common methods of torture produce nausea.
The ‘Tough’
Interrogator
‘It may be only later,
outside of that specific environment, that the torturer may question his or her
behaviour, and begin to experience psychological damage resulting from
involvement in torture and trauma. In these cases, the resulting psychological
symptoms are very similar to those of victims, including anxiety, intrusive
traumatic memories and impaired cognitive and social functioning.’ Psychologists
Mark Costanzo and Ellen Gerrity.
‘Those techniques [CIA
‘enhanced interrogation’ techniques] are so harsh it’s emotionally distressing
to the people who are administering them.’ Dr James Mitchell, psychologist
involved in the CIA’s EIT program.
‘We are where we are-
and we’re left popping our Prozac and taking our pills at night.’ Anonymous
torturer quoted in Cruel Britannia
There’s a growing body of evidence that torture has a negative psychological effect on the
torturer.
The evidence is for the most part anecdotal, based on
patterns emerging across interviews. Torturers, funnily enough, don’t show up
in droves for psychological studies. But there is a pattern. One of substance
abuse, addiction, PTSD and suicide.
The cause of these symptoms in torturers is the same thing
that causes trauma in people who witness horrific things. It is well known that seeing violent attacks on others can
cause trauma in witnesses.
Humans are empathic creatures.
There is a measurable, automatic response in the
brain to seeing others in pain. We can not control it and we can not
stop it. Even when we are told that the
other person is anaesthetized our brains still respond to their perceived
pain.
This, combined with the destruction of normal social
interaction and dehumanisation, appears in a very real sense to harm torturers.
If you’re planning to use torture as part of an
interrogation scene it’s worth noting that some torturers dobelieve torture is a
useful way to get information, despite
the evidence. Some of them cling to the idea that they had to torture, that what they did was useful and saved lives. Some
of them seem to overplay the value of torture in order to justify their own
actions and jobs.
None of that makes them immune to the effect of torturing
another human being.
‘Torture and Democracy’, Princeton, D Rejali (Only order
this if you’ll be at home to pick it up, at over 850 pages it’s a monster)
‘Accuracy of eyewitness memory for person encountered during
exposure to highly intense stress’, The International Journal of Law and
Psychiatry C A Morgan, G Hazlett, A Doran, S Garrett, G Hoyt, P Thomas, M
Baranoksi, S M Southwick, 2004 (This team have actually done a series on high
stress situations and the effects on memory. Charles Morgan is the first author
on this set of papers.)
‘Audacity to Believe’ Cleveland, S Cassidy
‘Why Torture Doesn’t Work: The Neuroscience of
Interrogation.’ Harvard University Press, S O’Mara (Highly recommended, reasonably accessible for a layman)
‘Cruel Britannia: A Secret History of Torture.’ Portobello
Books, I Cobain (Very good history, although the author doesn’t seem to understand many of the techniques he writes about)
‘What are you feeling? Using Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging to Assess the Modulation of Sensory and Affective Responses during
Empathy for Pain’, PLoS ONE, C Lamm, H C Nusbaum, A N Meltzoff, J Decety 2007
(The experiments in this paper include brain scans of people seeing photos of a
needle and a hand in various different positions, some of which would be
painful. There wasn’t much change in brain response if the volunteers were told
the hand couldn’t feel pain.)]
Inspiration Haven 