“Most of the time when we are painting, we get so overwhelmed with all the info, which is why practicing the lighting fundamentals beforehand will be beneficial for future work. This will be a pretty lengthy article, but it is pretty comprehensive in terms of necessary fundamentals.
Fundamental #1: Importance of the Plane
When painting and using light, you need to switch from the form build-up approach to thinking about the right plane structure to make the right lighting decisions.
If you can simplify the elements into the proper planes you will understand the structure better and you will be able to assign the right values (when lighting).
Fundamental #2: Light Properties
There are some consideration to make when thinking about lighting. I will try my best to explain some of properties and explain how the lights affect the values and colors of a scene.
Light-Shadow Ratio: The light-shadow ratio determines how much of a contrast there is between light and shadow. A higher contrast is created due to sunlight, and a lower contrast due to overcast weather for example. This is caused by different intensities in light.
Value Keys: Value keying is mainly a design technique used to adjust the value scale while maintaining the light-shadow ratio. Depending on the light situation we have a specific value key in the scene.
Value Compression: Value compression is needed, because we as painters can´t get the full range of light into our paintings. We need to decide, if we want to expose for the light side or shadow side and sacrifice the values on the other side
Light Color: The first thing to understand about light is that it constantly changes it´s wavelengths, therefore changing it´s color. To simplify the process just identify the light as a warm or cold light.
Shading Components
Fundamental #3: Light Set-up
Now that we know how values and colors and affected by light, let´s look at how to set up lighting situations. These lighting situations are always used, and can be divided into natural and artificial light:
Light Types: There are only 3 basic light types you need to know to light your scene. Key Light, Fill Light and Rim Light.
Light Sources: There are only so many light sources that exist. Knowing about them will help you identifying them in any given reference and use them creatively.
Global Illumination: The characteristics of global illumination is the use of bounced/reflected light. It is used to calculate where reflected light is coming from, so we know which planes receive what light in any given scene. You need to treat it as a diffuse light source. It is most effective when there are a lot of shadows.
Fundamental #4: Material Behaviour
Many Material renders disregard the properties of Light. The reason we have learned about light in the first place is to convey materials in different lighting conditions and make them congruent to the scene. Let´s look at the materials and how light interacts with different surfaces.
Learn how to think about shapes, value, color and edges and understand it to apply the knowledge of physics to adjust your values and colors. A proper artist knows both the mechanics of painting and of physics.”
For full explanations complete with image examples, go to the article.
Interrogation is probably the scenario that comes to most Western
people’s minds when torture is mentioned. The belief that torture can be used
during interrogation is heavily ingrained in Western pop culture whether the
story believes it ‘works’ or not.
I’m going to go over some of the most common misconceptions
about what bringing torture to the interrogation table does and does not do.
Tell the Truth
‘Care must be
exercised when making use of rebukes, invectives or torture as it will result
in his telling falsehoods and making a fool of you.’ Japanese Kempeitai
manual found in Burman 1943
‘The use of force
often has the consequence that the person being interrogated under duress
confesses falsely because he is afraid and as a consequence agrees to
everything the interrogator wishes.’ Indonesian interrogation manual, East
Timor, 1983
‘Intense pain is quite
likely to produce false confessions concocted as a means of escaping from
distress.’ CIA Kubark
Counterintelligence Manual 1963
I can’t prove conclusively that in the history of the world
torture has never ever once produced accurate information. Overwhelmingly often it
does not. There are several reasons why.
Torture produces a
lot of lies. Both people with
information and people without
information have a good reason to lie under torture. And they both do. The
person with information does not want
to give it up. The person without
information needs to say something to make the torture stop.
Humans are bad at
telling when someone is lying. When tested even people who think they’re
good at spotting lies can’t do it consistently.It can be almost impossible
to tell who is hiding something and who genuinely doesn’t know what’s going on.
A person under torture might have already
told the truth and started lying when the interrogator didn’t believe them.
Which is exactly what happened to Shelia Cassidy when she was tortured in Chile
in the 70s.
Pain and stress
destroy the human memory. Experiments with willing volunteers have
repeatedly shown that stress, pain and lack of sleep make it difficult for
people to remember. A 2004 paper using US military survival school as the ‘high
stress situation’ which simulated capture and interment as a POW (C A Morgan et
al, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 27, 265-279) found that between
51-68% of soldiers identified the wrong person as their interrogator.
Interrogations had lasted four hours with the interrogator shouting at and manhandling
the volunteers. The low stress group identified the wrong person 12-38% of the
time.
Torture results in
loss of public trust. Most police and intelligence investigations live or
die on public support. People coming forward voluntarily with accurate
information. People reporting on suspects. In the long term torture actively
recruits for the opposing ‘side’. According to the IRA this is exactly what
happened in Northern Ireland when the British used torture. It also happened in
Aden and to a lesser extent Cyprus.
Torture in short produces more lies than truth and in such a
mixture that it can be hard to tell which is which. Because of the pain it
causes torture can make it impossible for victims who want to tell the truth to actually do so accurately. And because of
the effect it has on communities it often makes it harder to gather accurate
information through more reliable sources.
Accuracy in torture is so poor it is ‘in some cases less accurate than flipping a coin’. (No that isn’t
exaggeration, that’s a quote from D Rejali who literally wrote the book)
The Ticking Bomb
The famous ‘ticking-bomb’ scenario is a fictional situation
(it literally came from a novel, written by a suspected torturer) where a
disaster (such as a bomb attack) is known to be approaching and in order to
save innocent lives the characters need more intel fast.
So they start debating whether to use torture.
Depending on the story and the characters they sometimes do
torture. Usually if they do it gives them information they then use to save
lives.
There’s another problem, aside from the total lack of accuracy
for information that comes from torture. Torture takes as long or longer than other
interrogation techniques.
According to the CIA’s own records detainees were put through
several days of sleep deprivation
before interrogation. The Senate Torture Report (testimony from Ali Soufan)
estimated that their torture techniques took 30days.
According to British records and accounts from the IRA
during the Troubles a single torture session by ‘walling’ (sleep deprivation, white
noise and stress positions combined) could last between nine and forty three
hours.
I’ve selected the following quotes to give an idea of the
time frame for short tortures used in
interrogation. Both are from Northern Ireland by Irish men detained by the
British. Emphasis is mine.
‘One powerfully built
RUC detective would keep me pinned in a position while the other one would hold
my elbow then press back on my wrist. And that could last for an hour or
possibly two hours. And it’s excruciatingly painful, to the extent that I
remember after three or four days I
would simply go unconscious-’ Tommy McKearney
‘When I was taken away
from Girdwood to be interned, I thought
I had been there for about eight days, but it was only three. I later realised I was only being allowed to sleep for
ten minutes at a time.’ Joe Docherty
Interrogation always
takes time. And that time is measured in days not minutes.
Sanitised Portrayals
‘NO useful information so far….He did vomit a
couple of times during the water board with some beans and rice. It’s been 10
hours since he ate so this is surprising and disturbing.’ Senate Torture
Report, from quoted emails SSCI 2014, 41-42
For me this is one of the most noticeable differences
between torture in pop culture and torture in reality. Torture in films and
books is always sanitised.
I don’t mean that it isn’t gory or isn’t gory ‘enough’.
Blood seems to be a cinematic staple and seeing the hero beaten and bloodied in
a dingy lit room has become standard in a certain sort of action story.
What I’m talking about are the body fluids and products
we’re trained to think are less acceptable. Vomit. Urine. Mucus. Faeces.
I can think of several movies where a ‘good-guy’ gets beaten
to a bloody pulp on screen. I can’t think of any where they piss themselves. But
losing control of bladder and bowel function seem to be pretty common in real
life. A lot of the eyewitness accounts I’ve read about systematic torture
mention the smell of urine and shit.
Vomiting is something I don’t see mentioned as often in
survivor accounts but I think it’s very likely to occur frequently because a
lot of common methods of torture produce nausea.
The ‘Tough’
Interrogator
‘It may be only later,
outside of that specific environment, that the torturer may question his or her
behaviour, and begin to experience psychological damage resulting from
involvement in torture and trauma. In these cases, the resulting psychological
symptoms are very similar to those of victims, including anxiety, intrusive
traumatic memories and impaired cognitive and social functioning.’ Psychologists
Mark Costanzo and Ellen Gerrity.
‘Those techniques [CIA
‘enhanced interrogation’ techniques] are so harsh it’s emotionally distressing
to the people who are administering them.’ Dr James Mitchell, psychologist
involved in the CIA’s EIT program.
‘We are where we are-
and we’re left popping our Prozac and taking our pills at night.’ Anonymous
torturer quoted in Cruel Britannia
There’s a growing body of evidence that torture has a negative psychological effect on the
torturer.
The evidence is for the most part anecdotal, based on
patterns emerging across interviews. Torturers, funnily enough, don’t show up
in droves for psychological studies. But there is a pattern. One of substance
abuse, addiction, PTSD and suicide.
The cause of these symptoms in torturers is the same thing
that causes trauma in people who witness horrific things. It is well known that seeing violent attacks on others can
cause trauma in witnesses.
Humans are empathic creatures.
There is a measurable, automatic response in the
brain to seeing others in pain. We can not control it and we can not
stop it. Even when we are told that the
other person is anaesthetized our brains still respond to their perceived
pain.
This, combined with the destruction of normal social
interaction and dehumanisation, appears in a very real sense to harm torturers.
If you’re planning to use torture as part of an
interrogation scene it’s worth noting that some torturers dobelieve torture is a
useful way to get information, despite
the evidence. Some of them cling to the idea that they had to torture, that what they did was useful and saved lives. Some
of them seem to overplay the value of torture in order to justify their own
actions and jobs.
None of that makes them immune to the effect of torturing
another human being.
‘Torture and Democracy’, Princeton, D Rejali (Only order
this if you’ll be at home to pick it up, at over 850 pages it’s a monster)
‘Accuracy of eyewitness memory for person encountered during
exposure to highly intense stress’, The International Journal of Law and
Psychiatry C A Morgan, G Hazlett, A Doran, S Garrett, G Hoyt, P Thomas, M
Baranoksi, S M Southwick, 2004 (This team have actually done a series on high
stress situations and the effects on memory. Charles Morgan is the first author
on this set of papers.)
‘Audacity to Believe’ Cleveland, S Cassidy
‘Why Torture Doesn’t Work: The Neuroscience of
Interrogation.’ Harvard University Press, S O’Mara (Highly recommended, reasonably accessible for a layman)
‘Cruel Britannia: A Secret History of Torture.’ Portobello
Books, I Cobain (Very good history, although the author doesn’t seem to understand many of the techniques he writes about)
‘What are you feeling? Using Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging to Assess the Modulation of Sensory and Affective Responses during
Empathy for Pain’, PLoS ONE, C Lamm, H C Nusbaum, A N Meltzoff, J Decety 2007
(The experiments in this paper include brain scans of people seeing photos of a
needle and a hand in various different positions, some of which would be
painful. There wasn’t much change in brain response if the volunteers were told
the hand couldn’t feel pain.)]
Inspiration Haven 